Developmental Abnormalities of the Pediatric Spine: A Review of the Correlation Between Ultrasound and MRI Findings

A broad spectrum of spinal pathologies can affect the pediatric population. Ultrasound (US) is the primary modality for pediatric spine assessment due to its widespread availability, non-requirement of sedation, and absence of ionizing radiation. Supplementing this, MRI offers an in-depth exploration of these conditions, aiding in preoperative strategizing. In this review, we examine the clinical indications, methodologies, and protocols for US and MRI scans of the pediatric spine. Additionally, we illustrate normal pediatric spinal anatomy, highlighting several examples of normal variants that are often misinterpreted. Through a series of case-based illustrations, we offer a comprehensive overview of various pathological conditions such as tethered cord, spinal dysraphism, spinal lipoma, diastematomyelia, and dermal sinus tract, among others. Furthermore, we explore the correlation between US and MRI findings for these lesions, employing real-world cases to enhance our understanding of this topic.