Practice variations for fetal and neonatal congenital heart disease within the Children’s Hospitals Neonatal Consortium

Background: Many aspects of care for fetuses and neonates with congenital heart disease (CHD) fall outside standard practice guidelines, leading to the potential for significant variation in clinical care for this vulnerable population. Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional survey of site sponsors of the Children’s Hospitals Neonatal Consortium, a multicenter collaborative of 41 Level IV neonatal intensive care units to assess key areas of clinical practice variability for patients with fetal and neonatal CHD. Results: We received responses from 31 centers. Fetal consult services are shared by neonatology and pediatric cardiology at 70% of centers. Three centers (10%) routinely perform fetal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for women with pregnancies complicated by fetal CHD. Genetic testing for CHD patients is routine at 76% of centers. Preoperative brain MRI is standard practice at 5 centers (17%), while cerebral NIRS monitoring is regularly used at 14 centers (48%). Use of electroencephalogram (EEG) after major cardiac surgery is routine in 5 centers (17%). Neurodevelopmental follow-up programs are offered at 30 centers (97%). Conclusions: Many aspects of fetal and neonatal CHD care are highly variable with evolving shared multidisciplinary models. Impact: Many aspects of fetal and neonatal CHD care are highly variable.Genetic testing, placental examination, preoperative neuroimaging, and postoperative EEG monitoring carry a high yield of finding abnormalities in patients with CHD and these tests may contribute to more precise prognostication and improve care.Evidence-based standards for prenatal and postnatal CHD care may decrease inter-center variability.