Presentation of an H-type tracheoesophageal fistula in an adolescent male with cystic fibrosis: A case report and review of literature

Congenital TEFs without esophageal atresia are rare but may occur more frequently than previously documented in literature. Careful history is required to suspect the diagnoses, as most patients will present with coughing associated with solid or liquids, recurrent unexplained pulmonary infections and complaints with eating. Some patients may show signs of chronic airway changes from recurrent aspiration pneumonia at the time of presentation. Diagnosis is challenging, with multiple imaging modalities including x ray, CT scan and esophogram able to identify a fistula. Surgery is required to improve quality of life and prevent chronic airway changes, and most cases repaired have no complications.